Dies ist accounting.info, hergestellt von Makeinfo Version 4.8 aus
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   GNU Accounting Utilities Copyright (C) 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005
Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
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versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
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File: accounting.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Preface,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

   Welcome to the GNU Accounting Utilities!  If you don't have a clue
about the accounting utilities, read the introduction.  For specfic
information about any of the applications, see the chapter with the
program's name.

   This is Edition 6.4-pre1 of the documentation, updated 7 January
2006 for version 6.4-pre1 of the GNU Accounting Utilities.

* Menu:

* Preface::                     general information about the accounting utilities

* ac::                          print statistics about connect time
* accton::                      turns accounting on or off
* last::                        list last logins of users and terms
* lastcomm::                    list last commands executed
* sa::                          print accounting statistics
* dump-acct::                   print accounting file in human-readable form


File: accounting.info,  Node: Preface,  Next: ac,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Preface
*******

Way back a long time ago, Thompson and Ritchie were sitting opposite one
another at the commissary, sipping coffees and discussing their evolving
behemoth.

   "This behemoth of ours," said Ken, "is becoming rather popular,
wouldn't you say?"  "Yes," said Dennis.  "Every time I want to do a
compilation, I have to wait for hours and hours.  It's infuriating."
They both agreed that the load on their system was too great.  Both
sighed, picked up their mugs, and went back to the workbench.  Little
did they know that an upper-management type was sitting just within
earshot of their conversation.

   "We are AT&T Bell Laboratories, aren't we?" the upper-management type
thought to himself.  "Well, what is our organization best known for?"
The brill-cream in his hair glistened.  "Screwing people out of lots of
money, of course!  If there were some way that we could keep tabs on
users and charge them through the nose for their CPU time..."

   The accounting utilities were born.

   Seriously though, the accouting utilities can provide a system
administrator with useful information about system usage--connections,
programs executed, and utilization of system resources.

   Information about users--their connect time, location, programs
executed, and the like--is automatically recored in files by `init' and
`login'.  Four of them are of interest to us: `wtmp', which has records
for each login and logout; `acct', which records each command that was
run; `usracct' and `savacct', which contain summaries of the
information in `acct' by user and command, respectively.  Each of the
accounting utilities reports or summarizes information stored in these
files.

`ac'
     prints statistics about users' connect time.  `ac' can tell you how
     long a particular user or group of users were connected to your
     system, printing totals by day or for all of the entries in the
     `wtmp' file.

`accton'
     turns accounting on or off.

`last'
     lists the logins on the system, most recent first.  With `last',
     you can search the `wtmp' file for a particular user or terminal
     name (to which the user was connected).  Of special interest are
     two fake users, `reboot' and `shutdown', which are recorded when
     the system is shut down or reboots.

`lastcomm'
     lists the commands executed on the system, most recent first,
     showing the run state of each command.  With `last', you can
     search the `acct' file for a particular user, terminal, or command.

`sa'
     summarizes the information in the `acct' file into the `savacct'
     and `usracct' file.  It also generates reports about commands,
     giving the number of invocations, cpu time used, average core
     usage, etc.

`dump-acct'
`dump-utmp'
     display `acct' and `utmp' files in a human-readable format.


   For more detailed information on any of these programs, check the
chapter with the program title.

A Note on File Names and Locations
==================================

The `wtmp' and `acct' files seem to live in different places and have
different names for every variant of u*x that exists.  The name `wtmp'
seems to be standard for the login accounting file, but the process
accounting file might be `acct' or `pacct' on your system.  To find the
actual locations and names of these files on your system, specify the
`--help' flag to any of the programs in this package and the
information will dumped to standard output.

   Regardless of the names and locations of files on your system, this
manual will refer to the login accounting file as `wtmp' and the
process accounting files as `acct', `savacct', and `usracct'.

Support for Multiple Accounting File Formats under Linux
========================================================

The detailed format of the `acct' file written by the Linux kernel
varies depending on the kernel's version and configuration: Linux
kernels 2.6.7 and earlier write a v0 format `acct' file which
unfortunately cannot store user and group ids (`uid'/`gid') larger than
65535.  Kernels 2.6.8 and later write the `acct' file in v1, v2 or v3
formats.  (v3 if `BSD_PROCESS_ACCT_V3' is selected in the kernel
configuration, otherwise v1 if on the m68k architecture or v2
everywhere else).

   Since version 6.4 the GNU accounting utilities on Linux systems are
able to read all of the v0, v2 and v3 file formats (v1 is not
supported).  Thus you do not need to worry about the details given
above. You can even read `acct' files where different records were
written by differently configured kernels (you can find out about the
format of each entry by using the `dump-acct' utility). In case you
ever need to convert an `acct' file to a different format, the `--raw'
option of `dump-acct' does that together with the new `--format' and
`--byteswap' options that determine format and byte order of the output
file.

   Multiformat support under Linux is intended to be a temporary
solution to aid in switching to the v3 `acct' file format. So do not
expect GNU acct 6.5 to still contain Multiformat support. In a few years
time, when everybody uses the v3 format, the ability to read multiple
formats at runtime will probably be dropped again from the GNU
accounting utilities.  This does not, however, affect the ability to
adapt to the `acct' file format at compile time (when `./configure' is
run). Even GNU acct 6.3.5 (that does not know about multiple file
formats) will yield working binary programs when compiled under a (as
yet hypothetical) Linux kernel 2.6.31 that is only able to write the v3
format.

History of the Accounting Utilities
===================================

I don't have any idea who originally wrote these utilities.  If anybody
does, please send some mail to `noel@gnu.ai.mit.edu' and I'll add your
information here!

   Since the first alpha versions of this software in late 1993, many
people have contributed to the package.  They are (in alphabetical
order):

`Eric Backus <ericb@lsid.hp.com>'
     Suggested fixes for HP-UX 9.05 using /bin/cc: configure assumed
     you were using `gcc' and tacked on `-Wall' etc.  He also noticed
     that `file_rd.c' was doing pointer arithmetic on a `void *' pointer
     (non-ANSI).

`Christoph Badura <bad@flatlin.ka.sub.org>'
     Christoph was a BIG HELP in computing statistics, most notably
     k*sec stuff!  He also did Xenix testing and contributed some
     Makefile fixes and output optimizations.

`Michael Calwas <calwas@ttd.teradyne.com>'
     Fixed bugs in mktime.c.

`Derek Clegg <dclegg@apple.com>'
     Suggested the simple, elegant fix for *_rd_never_used brain-damage.

`Alan Cox <iiitac@pyr.swan.ac.uk>'
     Original Linux kernel accounting patches.

`Scott Crosby <root@hypercube.res.cmu.edu>'
     Suggested idea behind `--sort-real-time' for `sa'.

`Solar Designer <solar@false.com>'
     Added code for `--ahz' flag in `lastcomm' and `sa'.

`Dirk Eddelbuettel <edd@miles.econ.queensu.ca>'
     Managed bug-fixes & etc. for Debian distribution, as well as the
     architect of merge of GNU + Debian distributions.  A big thanks to
     Dirk for kicking me back into gear again after a long period of no
     work on this project.

`Jason Grant <jamalcol@pc-5530.bc.rogers.wave.ca>'
     Identified a buffer-overrun bug in `sa'.

`Kaveh R. Ghazi <ghazi@caip.rutgers.edu>'
     Tested the package on many systems with compilers other than gcc.
     Fixed K&R C support.

`Susan Kleinmann <sgk@sgk.tiac.net>'
     Contributed excellent man pages!

`Alexander Kourakos <Alexander@Kourakos.com>'
     Inspired the `--wide' option for `last'.

`Marek Michalkiewicz <marekm@i17linuxb.ists.pwr.wroc.pl>'
     Suggested the `--ip-address' flag for `last'.

`David S. Miller <davem@caip.rutgers.edu>'
     Noticed missing GNU-standard makefile rules.

`Walter Mueller <walt@pi4.informatik.uni-mannheim.de>'
     Noticed install target was missing, and corrected a typo for
     prefix in Makefile.in.

`Ian Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>'
     Tracked down miscellaneous bugs in sa.c under Linux.  Added Debian
     package maintenance files.

`Tuomo Pyhala <tuomo@lesti.kpnet.fi>'
     Reported buggy `--strict-match' flag in `lastcomm'.

`Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de>'
     Added Linux multiformat support.

`Luc I. Suryo <root@patriots.nl.mugnet.org>'
     Suggested the `--user' flag for `lastcomm'.

`Pedro A M Vazquez <vazquez@iqm.unicamp.br>'
     Fixed bugs in sa.c and tested under FreeBSD.

`Marco van Wieringen <Marco.van.Wieringen@mcs.nl.mugnet.org>'
     Modified (wrote?) Linux kernel accounting patches.


File: accounting.info,  Node: ac,  Next: accton,  Prev: Preface,  Up: Top

1 `ac'
******

The `ac' command prints out a report of connect time (in hours) based
on the logins/logouts in the current `wtmp' file.  A total is also
printed out.

   The accounting file `wtmp' is maintained by `init' and `login'.
Neither of these programs creates the file; if the file is not there,
no accounting is done.  To begin accounting, create the file with a
length of zero.  *NOTE_* the `wtmp' file can get really big, really
fast.  You might want to trim it every once and a while.

   GNU `ac' works nearly the same u*x `ac', though it's a little
smarter in its printing out of daily totals--it actually prints _every_
day, rather than skipping to the date of the next entry in the `wtmp'
file.

1.1 Flags
=========

All of the original `ac''s options have been implemented, and a few have
been added.  Normally, when `ac' is invoked, the output looks like this:
             total 93867.14
   where total is the number of hours of connect time for every entry in
the `wtmp' file.  The rest of the flags modify the output in one way or
another.

`-d'
`--daily-totals'
     Print totals for each day rather than just one big total at the
     end.  The output looks like this:
          Jul  3  total     1.17
          Jul  4  total     2.10
          Jul  5  total     8.23
          Jul  6  total     2.10
          Jul  7  total     0.30

`-p'
`--individual-totals'
     Print time totals for each user in addition to the usual
     everything-lumped-into-one value.  It looks like:
                  bob       8.06
                  goff      0.60
                  maley     7.37
                  root      0.12
                  total    16.15

`PEOPLE'
     Print out the sum total of the connect time used by all of the
     users included in people.  Note that people is a space separated
     list of valid user names; wildcards are not allowed.

`-f FILENAME'
`--file FILENAME'
     Read from the file FILENAME instead of the system's `wtmp' file.

`--complain'
     When the `wtmp' file has a problem (a time-warp, missing record,
     or whatever), print out an appropriate error.

`--reboots'
     Reboot records are _not_ written at the time of a reboot, but when
     the system restarts; therefore, it is impossible to know EXACTLY
     when the reboot occurred.  Users may have been logged into the
     system at the time of the reboot, and many `ac''s automatically
     count the time between the login and the reboot record against the
     user (even though all of that time _shouldn't_ be, perhaps, if the
     system is down for a long time, for instance).  If you want to
     count this time, include the flag.  *To make `ac' behave like the
     one that was distributed with your OS, include this flag.*

`--supplants'
     Sometimes a logout record is not written for a specific terminal,
     so the time that the last user accrued cannot be calculated.  If
     you want to include the time from the user's login to the next
     login on the terminal (though probably incorrect), include this
     flag.  *To make `ac' behave like the one that was distributed with
     your OS, include this flag.*

`--timewarps'
     Sometimes, entries in a `wtmp' file will suddenly jump back into
     the past without a clock change record occurring.  It is
     impossible to know how long a user was logged in when this occurs.
     If you want to count the time between the login and the time warp
     against the user, include this flag.  *To make `ac' behave like the
     one that was distributed with your OS, include this flag.*

`--compatibility'
     This is shorthand for typing out the three above options.

`-a'
`--all-days'
     If we're printing daily totals, print a record for every day
     instead of skipping intervening days where there is no login
     activity.  Without this flag, time accrued during those
     intervening days gets listed under the next day where there is
     login activity.

`-y'
`--print-year'
     Print out the year when displaying dates.

`--print-zeros'
     If a total for any category (save the grand total) is zero, print
     it.  The default is to suppress printing.

`--debug'
     Print verbose internal information.

`--tw-leniency VALUE'
     Set the time warp leniency value (in seconds).  Records in `wtmp'
     files might be slightly out of order (most notably when two logins
     occur within a one-second period - the second one gets written
     first).  By default, this value is set to 1 second.  Some `wtmp''s
     are really screwed up (Suns) and require a larger value here.  If
     the program notices this problem, time is not assigned to users
     unless the `--timewarps' flag is used.  See the Problems section
     for more information.

`--tw-suspicious VALUE'
     Set the time warp suspicious value (in seconds).  If two records
     in the `wtmp' file are farther than this number of seconds apart,
     there is a problem with the wtmp file (or your machine hasn't been
     used in a year).  If the program notices this problem, time is not
     assigned to users unless the `--timewarps' flag is used.

`-V'
`--version'
     Print `ac''s version number.

`-h'
`--help'
     Print `ac''s usage string and default locations of system files to
     standard output.

1.2 Problems
============

For no fault of `ac''s, if two logins occur at the same time (within a
second of each other), each `login' process will try to write an entry
to the `wtmp' file.  With file system overhead, it is forseeable that
the entries would get written in the wrong order.  GNU `ac'
automatically compensates for this, but some other `ac's may not...
beware.

The FTP Problem
...............

I've tested the standard `ac' in Ultrix 4.2 (DECstation/DECsystem),
SunOS 4.1.1 (Sun3, Sun4, Sparc), Mach 2.5 (Omron/Luna), and DomainOS
10.3 (DN3500).  All of these `ac's have trouble parsing entries in
which the line is `ftp'XXXX (XXXX being some number).  Whenever these
`ac's see one of these entries, they log everyone out at the time of
the entry.

*HOW IT HAPPENS:* if there is a user logged into the machine when an
ftp connection occurs, (minimally) you'll get a login record for the
user, a login record for the ftp connection, and the logouts for both
afterwards (in either order).

*TANGIBLE RESULT:* the user who was logged in gets 'logged out' at the
time the ftp connection begins, and none of the time spent during or
after the ftp connection.  Therefore, when you run GNU `ac', the totals
will most likely be greater than those of your system's `ac' (provided
you specify the other flags that will make GNU `ac' behave like the
system's).

The Shutdown/Reboot Problem
...........................

On Suns, `init' is a little screwed up.  For some reason, after a
shutdown record is written, a reboot record is written with a time-stamp
_before_ the shutdown (less than 30 seconds, usually).

*TANGIBLE RESULT:* GNU `ac' will notice the problem, log everyone out
(you can specify if you want the time to be added to the user's total)
and begin a new day entry based on the time of the out-of-sync record.
If you try to print out daily totals, you'll notice that some days
might have two or more entries.

*SOLUTION:* To fix this, a timewarp leniency value has been
implemented.  If any record is out of order by this number of seconds
(defaults to 60) it gets ignored.  If you need to change this value (if
you think the totals are off because the value is too high), you can
change it using the `--timewarp-value' flag.  The rationale for the 60
second default is that of all of the machines with this problem, the
largest timewarp was 45.

Stupid System V Machines
........................

Some `ac''s on System V machines (I've tried SGI Indigo & SGI Indy)
forget to pay attention to the `ut_type' field in a `struct utmp'.  As
such, they chalk up a lot of time to non-existant processes called
`LOGIN' or `runlevel'.

*TANGIBLE RESULT:* The amount of total time reported by the system's
`ac' is *really* off.  Often, it's several times greater than what it
should be.

*SOLUTION:* GNU `ac' always pays attention to the `ut_type' record, so
there's no possibility of chalking up time to anything but user
processes.


File: accounting.info,  Node: accton,  Next: last,  Prev: ac,  Up: Top

2 `accton'
**********

`accton' turns process accounting on or off.  To save process
accounting information in ACCOUNTINGFILE, use:

   `accton ACCOUNTINGFILE'

   If called with no arguments, it will, by default, stop process
accounting.

2.1 Flags
=========

`-V'
`--version'
     Print `accton''s version number.

`-h'
`--help'
     Print `accton''s usage string and default locations of system files
     to standard output.



File: accounting.info,  Node: last,  Next: lastcomm,  Prev: accton,  Up: Top

3 `last'
********

`last' looks through the `wtmp' file (which records all logins/logouts)
and prints information about connect times of users.  Records are
printed from most recent to least recent.  Records can be specified by
tty and username.  tty names can be abbreviated: `last 0' is equivalent
to `last tty0'.

   Multiple arguments can be specified: `last root console' will print
all of the entries for the user `root' and all entries logged in on the
`console' tty.

   The special users `reboot' and `shutdown' log in when the system
reboots or (surprise) shuts down.  `last reboot' will produce a record
of reboot times.

   If `last' is interrupted by a quit signal, it prints out how far its
search in the `wtmp' file had reached and then quits:
     weerapan  ttyq6    132.162.32.37    Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21  (00:13)
     weerapan  ttyq6    132.162.32.37    Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21  (00:13)

     interrupted at Mon Feb 15 19:07:52 1993

3.1 Flags
=========

This program implements the features of regular u*x `last' with a few
extra flags.  When `last' is invoked with no arguments, the output
looks like this:
     gr151     ttyp2    ray.cs.oberlin.e Tue Feb 16 17:40   still logged in
     jhoggard  ttyp2    csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:39 - 17:39  (00:00)
     jstarr    ttyp1    UNIX5.ANDREW.CMU Tue Feb 16 17:38   still logged in
     jberman   ttypb    132.162.32.25    Tue Feb 16 17:34   still logged in
     alee      ttyp7    csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:34   still logged in
     jbrick    ttyp2    ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:33 - 17:36  (00:03)
     mbastedo  ttypc    ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:25 - 17:26  (00:01)
     rgoodste  ttypb    ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:22 - 17:26  (00:03)
     huttar    ttyp9    lobby.ti.com     Tue Feb 16 17:19   still logged in
     klutz     ttyp3    132.162.32.25    Tue Feb 16 17:14   still logged in

`--no-truncate-ftp-entries'
     When printing out the information, don't chop the number part off
     of `ftp'XXXX entries.

`-NUMBER'
`-n NUMBER'
`--lines NUMBER'
     Limit the number of lines that `last' prints.

`-f FILENAME'
`--file FILENAME'
     Read from the file FILENAME instead of the system's `wtmp' file.

`-y'
`--print-year'
     Print out the year when displaying dates.

`-s'
`--print-seconds'
     Print out seconds when displaying dates and durations.

`--complain'
     When the `wtmp' file has a problem (a time-warp, missing record,
     or whatever), print out an appropriate error.

`-x'
`--more-records'
     Print out run level changes, shutdowns, and time changes in
     addition to the normal records.

`-a'
`--all-records'
     Print out all records in the `wtmp' file.

`-i'
`--ip-address'
     Some machines store the IP address of a connection in a utmp
     record.  Enabling this option makes `last' print the IP address
     instead of the hostname.

`--tw-leniency VALUE'
     Set the time warp leniency value (in seconds).  See the `ac'
     chapter for information.

`--tw-suspicious VALUE'
     Set the time warp suspicious value (in seconds).  See the `ac'
     chapter for information.

`-w'
`--wide'
     By default, `last' tries to print each entry within in 80 columns.
     Use this option to instruct `last' to print out the fields in the
     `wtmp' file with full field widths.

`--debug'
     Print verbose internal information.

`-V'
`--version'
     Print `last''s version number.

`-h'
`--help'
     Print `last''s usage string and default locations of system files
     to standard output.

3.2 Problems
============

The Clock Change Problem
........................

Of the `last's I've tried, all of them have had problems parsing a
system clock change.  Instead of modifying the entries that have been
read, they just ignore the change and give you incorrect values.  GNU
`last' knows about clock changes and prints the correct times.

*TANGIBLE RESULT:* if you `diff' the output of your `last' and GNU
`last', entries after (before, rather) a clock change will be off by
the amount of the clock change.

The Ftp Problem
...............

Most `last's that I've examined have the same problem here as `ac'
does--they log everyone out as soon as they see an ftp entry.

*TANGIBLE RESULT:* GNU `last' will reflect the correct time spent in an
ftp session, so the totals that it gives will most likely be greater
than those given by the system `last'.


File: accounting.info,  Node: lastcomm,  Next: sa,  Prev: last,  Up: Top

4 `lastcomm'
************

`lastcomm' prints out information about previously executed commands.
If no arguments are specified, `lastcomm' will print info about all of
the commands in the `acct' file (the record file).  If called with a
command name, user name, or tty name, only records containing those
items will be displayed.  For example, to find out which users used
command `a.out' and which users were logged into `tty0', type:

   `lastcomm a.out tty0'

   This will print any entry for which `a.out' or `tty0' matches in any
of the record's fields (command, name, or tty).  If you want to find
only items that match ALL of the arguments on the command line, you
must use the '-strict-match' option.  For example, to list all of the
executions of command `a.out' by user `root' on terminal `tty0', type:

   `lastcomm --strict-match a.out root tty0'

   The order of the arguments is not important.

   For each entry the following information is printed:

   * command name of the process

   * flags, as recorded by the system accounting routines:
        - *S* command executed by super-user

        - *F* command executed after a fork but without a following exec

        - *C* command run in PDP-11 compatibility mode (VAX only)

        - *D* command terminated with the generation of a core file

        - *X* command was terminated with the signal SIGTERM

   * the name of the user who ran the process

   * time the process exited

4.1 Flags
=========

This program implements the features of regular u*x `lastcomm' with a
few extra flags.  When `lastcomm' is invoked without arguments, the
output looks like this:
     nslookup         jberman  ttypb      0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
     comsat           root     __         0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:19
     uptime           ctilburg __         0.11 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
     sh          F    ctilburg __         0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
     sleep            ctilburg __         0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:22
     ls               noel     ttyp4      0.19 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23

`--strict-match'
     Print only entries that match _all_ of the arguments on the command
     line.

`--user NAME'
     List records for user with NAME.  This is useful if you're trying
     to match a username that happens to be the same as a command (e.g.,
     `ed').

`--command NAME'
     List records for command NAME.

`--tty NAME'
     List records for tty NAME.

`-f FILENAME'
`--file FILENAME'
     Read from the file FILENAME instead of the system's `acct' file.

`--ahz HZ'
     Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in hertz).
     This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
     created on another machine which has the same byte order and file
     format as your current machine, but has a different value for
     `AHZ'.

`-p'
`--show-paging'
     Print paging statistics

`--debug'
     Print verbose internal information.

`--version'
     Print `lastcomm''s version number.

`--help'
     Print `lastcomm''s usage string and default locations of system
     files to standard output.


File: accounting.info,  Node: sa,  Next: dump-acct,  Prev: lastcomm,  Up: Top

5 `sa'
******

`sa' summarizes information about previously executed commands as
recorded in the `acct' file.  In addition, it condenses this data into
the `savacct' summary file, which contains the number of times the
command was called and the system resources used.  The information can
also be summarized on a per-user basis; `sa' will save this information
into `usracct'.  Usage:

   `sa [OPTS] [FILE]'

   If no arguments are specified, `sa' will print information about all
of the commands in the `acct' file.  If command names have unprintable
characters, or are only called once, `sa' will sort them into a group
called `***other'.  Overall totals for each field are gathered and
printed with a blank command name.

   If called with a file name as the last argument, `sa' will use that
file instead of `acct'.

   By default, `sa' will sort the output by sum of user and system time.

   The output fields are labeled as follows:

`cpu'
     sum of system and user time in cpu seconds

`re'
     "real time" in cpu seconds

`k'
     cpu-time averaged core usage, in 1k units

`avio'
     average number of I/O operations per execution

`tio'
     total number of I/O operations

`k*sec'
     cpu storage integral (kilo-core seconds)

`u'
     user cpu time in cpu seconds

`s'
     system time in cpu seconds


   Note that these column titles do not appear in the first row of the
table, but after each numeric entry (as units of measurement) in every
row.  For example, you might see `79.29re', meaning 79.29 cpu seconds
of "real time."

   An asterisk will appear after the name of commands that forked but
didn't call `exec'.

5.1 Flags
=========

The availability of these program options depends on your operating
system.  In specific, the members that appear in the `struct acct' of
your system's process accounting header file (usually `acct.h')
determine which flags will be present.  For example, if your system's
`struct acct' doesn't have the `ac_mem' field, the installed version of
`sa' will not support the `--sort-cpu-avmem', `--sort-ksec', `-k', or
`-K' options.

   In short, all of these flags may not be available on your machine.

`-a'
`--list-all-names'
     Force `sa' not to sort those command names with unprintable
     characters and those used only once into the ``***other'' group.

`-b'
`--sort-sys-user-div-calls'
     Sort the output by the sum of user and system time divided by the
     number of calls.

`-c'
`--percentages'
     Print percentages of total time for the command's user, system,
     and real time values.

`-d'
`--sort-avio'
     Sort the output by the average number of disk I/O operations.

`-D'
`--sort-tio'
     Print and sort the output by the total number of disk I/O
     operations.

`-f'
`--not-interactive'
     When using the `--threshold' option, assume that all answers to
     interactive queries will be affirmative.

`-i'
`--dont-read-summary-file'
     Don't read the information in `savacct'.

`-j'
`--print-seconds'
     Instead of printing total minutes for each category, print seconds
     per call.

`-k'
`--sort-cpu-avmem'
     Sort the output by cpu time average memory usage.

`-K'
`--sort-ksec'
     Print and sort the output by the cpu-storage integral.

`-l'
`--separate-times'
     Print separate columns for system and user time; usually the two
     are added together and listed as `cpu'.

`-m'
`--user-summary'
     Print the number of processes and number of CPU minutes on a
     per-user basis.

`-n'
`--sort-num-calls'
     Sort the output by the number of calls.  This is the default
     sorting method.

`-p'
`--show-paging'
     Print the number of minor and major pagefaults and swaps.

`-P'
`--show-paging-avg'
     Print the number of minor and major pagefaults and swaps divided by
     the number of calls.

`-r'
`--reverse-sort'
     Sort output items in reverse order.

`-s'
`--merge'
     Merge the summarized accounting data into the summary files
     `savacct' and `usracct'.

`-t'
`--print-ratio'
     For each entry, print the ratio of real time to the sum of system
     and user times.  If the sum of system and user times is too small
     to report--the sum is zero--`*ignore*' will appear in this field.

`-u'
`--print-users'
     For each command in the accounting file, print the userid and
     command name.  After printing all entries, quit.  *Note*: this flag
     supersedes all others.

`-v NUM'
`--threshold NUM'
     Print commands which were executed NUM times or fewer and await a
     reply from the terminal.  If the response begins with `y', add the
     command to the `**junk**' group.

`--separate-forks'
     It really doesn't make any sense to me that the stock version of
     `sa' separates statistics for a particular executable depending on
     whether or not that command forked.  Therefore, GNU `sa' lumps this
     information together unless this option is specified.

`--sort-real-time'
     Sort the output by the "real time" (elapsed time) for each command.

`--ahz HZ'
     Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in hertz).
     This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
     created on another machine which has the same byte order and file
     format as your current machine, but has a different value for
     `AHZ'.

`--debug'
     Print verbose internal information.

`-V'
`--version'
     Print `sa''s version number.

`-h'
`--help'
     Print `sa''s usage string and default locations of system files to
     standard output.

   *Note*: if more than one sorting option is specified, the list will
be sorted by the one specified last on the command line.

5.2 Problems
============

I haven't been able to test this on many different machines because the
data files grow so big in a short time; our sysadmin would rather save
the disk space.

   Most versions of `sa' that I've tested don't pay attention to flags
like `--print-seconds' and `--sort-num-calls' when printing out
commands when combined with the `--user-summary' or `--print-users'
flags.  GNU `sa' pays attention to these flags if they are applicable.

5.2.1 mips sa
-------------

The average memory use is stored as a short rather than a double, so we
suffer from round-off errors.  GNU `sa' uses double the whole way
through.


File: accounting.info,  Node: dump-acct,  Prev: sa,  Up: Top

6 `dump-acct'
*************

`dump-acct' dumps some of the contents of one or more `acct' files in
human readable form.  Usage:

   `dump-acct [OPTS] FILES'

   Unless called with the `--raw' option, it prints a table with the
following fields, separated by vertical bars(`|'):

`ac_comm'
     name of the executed program

`ac_version'
     version of the `acct' file format

`ac_utime'
     user time

`ac_stime'
     system time

`ac_etime'
     elapsed time

`ac_uid'
     user id

`ac_gid'
     group id

`ac_mem'
     (average) memory usage

`ac_io'
     number of characters transferred on input/output

`ac_pid'
     process id

`ac_ppid'
     parent's process id


   All times will be given in platform dependent units ("`AHZ'").  Not
all of the above columns will actually appear, depending on what
information your operating system provides in it's `struct acct'.

6.1 Flags
=========

`--ahz HZ'
     Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in Hertz).
     This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
     created on another machine which has a different value for `AHZ'.

`--byteswap'
     Swap the bytes (relative to your system's native byte order) in
     `--raw' output.

`--format'
     Set output format with `--raw' option.

`-n NUM'
`--num NUM'
     Limit the number of lines (or records with `--raw') to print.

`-r'
`--reverse'
     Read the accounting file backwards (print latest record first).

`-R'
`--raw'
     Don't print human readable output, dump the raw record instead.
     Useful to convert between different Linux file formats (see below).

`-h'
`--help'
     Print `dump-acct''s usage string and default location of the
     accouning file to standard output.


   `--byteswap' and `--format' options are only available with Linux
multiformat support. They only affect _output_ with the `--raw' option,
format and byte order of the input are automatically detected.  Thus
they are useful to convert between different file formats.

   The `--ahz' option affects input and output (except for v3 file
format, which by definition is fixed to `AHZ=100').  If you ever need
to convert between different `AHZ' values, use a two-step process:
First convert to v3 format with the _old_ `AHZ' value, then convert to
the desired output format with the _new_ `AHZ' setting.



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Node: Top848
Node: Preface1764
Node: ac10432
Node: accton18745
Node: last19250
Node: lastcomm23726
Node: sa26898
Node: dump-acct33192

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